• Kelebihan glukosa penyimpanan (glikogen hati dan otot) = glikogenesis. Excess glucose storage (liver and muscle glycogen) = glikogenesis.
• Merupakan polimer glukosa sangat bercabang di sitoplasma sel salam ikatan 1,4 gilosidik dengan 1,6 glikosidik titik cabangnya. Is a highly branched polymer of glucose in the cell cytoplasm gilosidik greetings with 1.4 bond 1.6 glycosidic branch points.
• Dapat diubah jadi glukosa mempertahankan glukosa darah (dalam keadaan puasa) = 12- 18 jam puasa. Can be converted into glucose maintain blood glucose (in the fasting state) = 12 - 18 hours of fasting.
• Glikogen hati dapat dibentuk dari Asam laktat. Liver glycogen can be formed from lactic acid. (siklus Cori) (Cori cycle)
• Konsentrasi glukosa darah normal = 80 – 120 mg / 100 ml.(3-7 mmol/L) Setelah makan glukosa darah naik hingga 120-130 mg /100 ml turun menjadi normal. Normal blood glucose concentration = 80 to 120 mg / 100 ml. (3-7 mmol / L) After the eating of blood glucose increased to 120-130 mg / 100 ml drop to normal.
• Dalam keadaan puasa glukosa darah 60 – 70 mg / 100 ml. In the fasting blood glucose 60 to 70 mg / 100 ml. (hipoglikemik < kadar normal > hiperglikemik. Hiperglikemik (melewati ambang ginjal 170 atau 180 mg glukosuria. (hypoglycemic hiperglikemik. Hiperglikemik (over the threshold of 170 or 180 kidney glukosuria mg.
• Gulosa darah turun dibawah 1,5 mmol / L otak fungsi otak terganggu koma kematian. Gulosa blood fall below 1.5 mmol / L brain functions disturbed brain death coma.
• Sintesis glikogen memerlukan energi (ATP) Berupa UTP (Uridin Tripospat) sumber yang lebih cepat. Synthesis of glycogen requires energy (ATP) like UTP (uridine Tripospat) source faster.
• Diawali pembentukan Glukosa 6 pospat (G6P) dari glukosa dikatalis enzim heksokinase / glukokinase (bersifat irreversibel) Preceded the formation of glucose 6 phosphate (G6P) catalyzed by the enzyme glucose hexokinase / glucokinase (be irreversibel)
• Selanjutnya gugus P C6 dimutasi intramolekul ke C1 G1P dengan katalis enzim fosfoglukomutase (bersifat reversibel) = mengalami isomerasi Next group P mutated intramolecular C6 to C1 G1P with enzyme catalysts fosfoglukomutase (is reversible) = experienced isomerasi
Lanjutan Advanced
• UDP-Glukosa digabungkan dengan glikogen induk (minimal 4 unit) α 1,4 glikosidik (katalis enzim glikogen sintase) UDP-glucose glycogen combined with the parent (at least 4 units) 1.4 α glycosidic (glycogen synthase enzyme catalysts)
• Cabang polimer glukosa (6-7 unit) dipindah lebih dalam α 1,6 glikosidik (katalis Branching enzyme) Branch glucose polymers (6-7 units) moved deeper α glycosidic 1.6 (catalyst branching enzyme)
Glikogen Lisis = Glikogenolisis Glycogen lysis = Glycogenolysis
• Pemecahan Glikogen -> Glukosa 1 p Glycogen solution -> Glucose 1 p
o Ada 3 enzim yang mengkatalis (hormon glukoden -> C-AMP-enzym posporilase) There are 3 enzyme mengkatalis (glukoden hormone -> C-AMP-enzyme posporilase)
o Glikogen Fosforilase : Glikogen ( α 1,4 glikosidik ) -- Glukosa 1-P Fosforilase Glycogen: Glycogen (1.4 glycosidic α) - Glucose 1-P
o Tranferase : memindahkan 3 residu glukosa cabang lain lebih peka difosrilasi Tranferase: move the 3 residues of glucose other branch is more sensitive difosrilasi
o Debranching enzyme (α 1,6 gilokosilase) ikatan α 1,6 glikosidik Debranching enzyme (1.6 gilokosilase α) α 1.6 glycosidic bond
• Glukosa 1p Glukosa 6 P Glukosa (Di hati dan Ginjal) -> Glukosa Darah 1p Glucose Glucose Glucose 6 P (In liver and kidney) -> Blood Glucose
• Di Otot Glukosa 6 P Jalur Glikolisis In Muscle Glucose 6 P Line Glycolysis
Ke Jalur To Line
Uronat Uronat
Glukosa-1 P Glucose-1 P
Glikogen Glycogen
Unit 1,4 dan 1,6 Glikosidik) 1.4 and 1.6 units of glycosidic)
Glukosa-6 P Glucose-6 P
Fosfoglukomutase Fosfoglukomutase
Glukosa Glucose
Ke HMP-shunt To HMP-shunt
Glikolisis Glycolysis
Anaerob-aerob Anaerobic-aerobic
Mg++ - Glukokinase Mg + + - glucokinase
ATP ATP
ADP ADP
H2O H2O
Glukosa 6 P-ase Glucose 6 P-ase
Pi Pi
UTP UTP
PPi PPI
UDP-Gluk UDP-glug
Glikogen Glycogen
Primer Primary
UDG UDG
(Unit glikosidik 1,4)x (Unit glycosidic 1.4) x
Branching E Branching E
Pi Pi
Debranching E Debranching E
Glukosa-1 P Glucose-1 P
Hasil dari Results from
debranching E debranching E
cAMP cAMP
Glukagon Glucagon
Epinefrin Epinephrine
Fosforilase Fosforilase
Glikogen Glycogen
sintase synthase
insulin insulin
+ +
- --
GLIKOGENESIS DAN GLIKOGENLISIS GLIKOGENESIS AND GLIKOGENLISIS
UDP Glukosa UDP Glucose
Pirofosforilase Pirofosforilase
Glikogen Lisis Glycogen analysis
Glukagon Glucagon
Resepstor glukagon membran Adenilat Siklase Aktif Glucagon Resepstor membrane adenylate cyclase On
Protein kinase Protein kinase
Inkatif Inkatif
ATP ATP
C-AMP C-AMP
Protein Kinase Aktif Active Protein Kinases
Glikogen Sintase Aktif Active glycogen synthase
Glikogen Sintase Aktif Active glycogen synthase
Fosforilase Kinase Fosforilase Kinases
Inaktif Inactive
Fosforisase Kinase Fosforisase Kinases
aktif Active
ATP ATP
ADP ADP
ATP ATP
ADP ADP
Glikogen fosforiilase Glycogen fosforiilase
Inaktif Inactive
Glikogen fosforiilase aktif Glycogen active fosforiilase
Glikogen ----- Glukosa 1 pospat Glycogen ----- Glucose 1 phosphate
Pengaturan Metabolisme Glikogen Glycogen Metabolism Settings
• Hormon insulin dan Hormon Glukagon (tergantung dengan kadar glukosa darah) The hormone insulin and Glucagon (depending on blood glucose levels)
o Glukosa darah tinggi insulin –Glikogen sintase High blood glucose-insulin Glycogen synthase
o Glukosa darah rendah Glukagon Glikogen fosforilase Low blood glucose Glucagon Glycogen fosforilase
• C-AMP memerantarai efek Glukogen dalam sel = Second messenger (glukagon, hormon lain) C-AMP memerantarai Glukogen effects in the cell = Second messenger (glucagon, another hormone)
• C-AMP = aktivator allosterik dari “c-APM dependent-protein kinase (protein kinase mengatur aktivasi oleh Fosforilasi dan defosforilasi C-AMP = activator allosterik from "c-APM-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase regulate phosphorylation and activation by defosforilasi
• Enzym Fosfodiasterase mendegradasi c-AMP
AMP (bukan aktivator protein kinase) Fosfodiasterase enzyme degrades c-AMP AMP (not the activator of protein kinase)
• Kafei dan teofilin (the, kopi) menghambat enzym fosfodiasterase (memperpanjang efek hormon c-AMP Kafei and theophylline (the, coffee) inhibit the enzyme fosfodiasterase hormones prolong the effects of c-AMP
Glikogenesis dan Glikogenlisis Hati Heart Glikogenesis and Glikogenlisis
• Pembentukan dipengaruhi oleh insulin (sma dengan di hati) The formation is influenced by insulin (sma with the liver)
• Glikogenlisis dipengaruhi oleh Epineprin dan Ca Glikogenlisis influenced by Epineprin and Ca
• Otot kontraksi konsentarsi Ca meningkat peningkatan penangkapan Ca oleh protein (Calmodulin) Forsofrilasi kinase Glikogen fosfolisae (Glikogen G-1P) Muscle contraction increases Ca concentration increased by the arrest of protein Ca (Calmodulin) Forsofrilasi kinase fosfolisae Glycogen (Glycogen G-1P)
• Hormon epineprin (medula renalis) mekanisme spt hormon glukagon Hormone epineprin (renal medulla) hormones such as glucagon mechanism
GLUKONEOGENESIS Gluconeogenesis
• Semua lintasan yang bertanggung jawab mengubah senyawa non-karbohidrat Glukosa / Glikogen All responsible path to change the non-carbohydrate compounds Glucose / Glycogen
• Senyawa utama : asam amino glukogenik, laktat, gliserol, propionat The main compounds: glukogenik amino acids, lactate, glycerol, propionic
• Organ yang utama terlibat : Hati dan ginjal. The main organs involved: heart and kidney.
• Memenuhi kebutuhan tubuh akan glukosa (khususnya jaringan syaraf sel darah merah) saat Karbohidrat tidak tersedia Meet the body's need for glucose (in particular neural tissue of red blood cells) when carbohydrates are not available
• Asam laktat (tidak ada enzim PEP) Lactic acid (no enzyme PEP)
o Asam laktat masuk ke mitokondria oksaloasetat (enzim piruvat karboksilase) Malat ke sitosol oksaloasetat PEP Glukosa 6 P (enzim Glukosa 6-P-ase di hepar, ginjal) Glukosa. Lactic acid into oxaloacetic mitochondria (pyruvate carboxylase enzyme) Malate to the cytosol PEP oxaloacetic Glucose 6 P (enzyme glucose-6-P ase in the liver, kidney) Glucose.
• Protein :Asam amino : Proteins: Amino acids:
o Asam aspartat oksaloasetat aspartic acid oxaloacetic
o Tirosin, fenilalanin fumarat Tyrosine, phenylalanine Fumaric
o Isoleusin, metionin, valin suksinil Ko-A. Isoleucine, methionine, valine succinyl Co-A.
o Histidin, prolin, glutamin, arginin Glutamat alfa-ketoglutarat. Histidine, proline, glutamine, glutamate arginine alpha-ketoglutarate.
• Lemak : Fats:
o Gliserol dihidroksi aseton-P dihidroksi acetone glycerol-P
o Asam lemak asetil Ko-A fatty acid acetyl Co-A
o Propionat Propionil S-KoA D-metil-malonil S KoA L-metilmalonil-SKo-A Suksinil Ko-A. propionic Propionyl-CoA S-methyl-D malonil S-CoA metilmalonil-L-A SKo Succinyl Co-A.
Glukosa Glucose
Pi Pi
ATP ATP
Piruvat Pyruvate
Piruvat Pyruvate
mitokondria mitochondria
sitosol cytosol
Asetil-Koa Acetyl-Koa
Asam lemak Fatty acids
Sitrat Citric
Propionat Propionic
Suksinil Ko-A Succinyl Co-A
Fumarat Fumaric
Oksalo-asetat Oksalo-acetate
Malat Malate
NADH + H+ NADH + H +
NAD NAD
Mala t Mala t
Oksalo-asetat Oksalo-acetate
NAD NAD
NADH + H+ NADH + H +
GDP GDP
GTP GTP
Fosfoenol Piruvat Fosfoenol pyruvate
Karboksilase Carboxylase
Fosfoenol Piruvat Fosfoenol pyruvate
Fruktosa 6 Fructose 6 P P
Glkuosa 6 P 6 P Glkuosa
Fruktosa 1,6 Fructose 1.6 di-P on-P
Gliserol Glycerol
Gliserol 3-P Glycerol 3-P
Di-OH aseton-P In acetone-OH-P
Fruktosa 1,6 Fructose 1.6
di-P-ase in-P-ase
H 2 O H 2 O
Pi Pi
H 2 O H 2 O
Glkuosa Glkuosa
6 P-ase 6 P-ase
laktat lactate
Glikogen Glycogen
Piruvat Karboksilase Pyruvate carboxylase
CO2 + ATP CO2 + ATP
ADP + Pi ADP + Pi
+ +
- --
Piruvat DH-ase Pyruvate DH-ase
Sitrat Citric
+ +
Fosfofruk Fosfofruk
tokinase tokinase
ATP ATP
ADP ADP
Glkokinase Glkokinase
Heksokinase Hexokinase
ADP ADP
- --
Piruvat kinase Pyruvate kinase
+ +
HMS (HEKSOSA MONOPHOSPHAT SHUNT HMS (hexose shunt MONOPHOSPHAT
• Jalur metabolisme utama penggunaan glukosa selain glikolisis. The main metabolic pathway other than glycolysis of glucose use.
• Secara Kuantitatif kecil, berperan penting. Quantitative in small, play an important role.
o Menghasilkan NADPH sintesis reduktif : biosintesis asam lemak, steroid.asam-asam amino amino lewat lewat glutamat dehidrogenase, sintesis glutation tereduksi di dalam eritrosit. Produces NADPH reductive synthesis: the biosynthesis of fatty acids, steroid.asam-amino acids via glutamate dehydrogenase past, reduced glutathione synthesis in erythrocytes.
o Produksi ribosa untuk biosintesis nukleotida serta asam nukleat. Ribose production for the biosynthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids.
• Kesamaan dengan glikolisis : Glukosa 6P. Similarities with glycolysis: Glucose 6P.
• Perbedaan dengan glikolisis : Differences with glycolysis:
o Menggunakan NADP bukan NAD. Use NADP instead of NAD.
o Menghasilkan Co2, tidak dihasilkan pada glikolisis-anaerob Produce Co2, not produced in anaerobic glycolysis,
o Tidak menghasil ATP. Does not produce ATP.
o Mengahasilkan Ribosa fosfat . Mengahasilkan Ribose phosphate.
Eritrosa-4P Erythrose-4P
Glukosa-6 P Glucose-6 P
6 Fosfoglukonolakton 6 Fosfoglukonolakton
6 Fosfoglukonat 6 Fosfoglukonat
Mg++ Mg + +
Glukonolakton Glukonolakton
Hidrolase Hidrolase
H2O H2O
3-Keto-6-Fosfo 3-keto-6-phospho
glukonat gluconate
NADP+ NADP +
NADPH+H+ NADPH + H +
Mg++ Mg + +
6 Fosfoglukonat 6 Fosfoglukonat
DH-ase DH-ase
Ribulosa-5P Ribulose-5P
Bentuk Shape
Enediol Enediol
Ribosa-5 P Ribose-5 P
Ketoisomerase Ketoisomerase
Ribulosa-5P Ribulose-5P
Ribosa 1-P Ribose 1-P
Sedopheptulosa-7P Sedopheptulosa-7P
Fruktosa 6P Fructose 6P
Fruktosa 6P Fructose 6P
Xylulosa-5P Xylulosa-5P
Gliseral-3P Gliseral-3P
Xylulosa 5 P 5 P Xylulosa
Gliseraldehid-3P Gliseraldehid-3P
CO 2 CO 2
Glukosa-6P Glucose-6P
DH-ase DH-ase
NADP+ NADP +
NADPH+H+ NADPH + H
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